The Living World – Characteristics of living organisms, taxonomy, nomenclature, and classification.
Biological Classification – Five-kingdom classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia), viruses & viroids.
Plant Kingdom – Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, alternation of generations.
Animal Kingdom – Classification of animals, basis of classification, phyla with examples.
Unit 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology of Flowering Plants – Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants – Tissue systems, types of plant tissues, anatomy of root, stem, and leaf.
Structural Organisation in Animals – Animal tissues, anatomy of frog.
Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function
Cell – The Unit of Life – Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, cell organelles, plasma membrane, nucleus.
Biomolecules – Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division – Mitosis, meiosis, significance of cell division.
Transport in Plants – Water potential, osmosis, diffusion, transpiration, mineral absorption.
Mineral Nutrition – Essential minerals, nitrogen metabolism, biological nitrogen fixation.
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants – Light reaction, photophosphorylation, Calvin cycle, C3 & C4 pathways.
Respiration in Plants – Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, aerobic & anaerobic respiration.
Plant Growth and Development – Growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, ABA), photoperiodism.
Unit 5: Human Physiology
Digestion and Absorption – Digestive system, enzymes, absorption of nutrients.
Breathing and Exchange of Gases – Respiratory system, mechanism of breathing, transport of gases.
Body Fluids and Circulation – Blood, heart, cardiac cycle, blood pressure, lymph.
Excretory Products and Their Elimination – Structure of nephron, urine formation, osmoregulation.
Locomotion and Movement – Muscle contraction, types of movement, human skeletal system.
Neural Control and Coordination – Structure of neuron, synapse, reflex action, brain, spinal cord.
Chemical Coordination and Integration – Endocrine glands, hormones, feedback mechanisms.